• (-present) • (–; discontinued) • (–; discontinued) type () Default (), Preceded by Official website Support status Supported macOS (; previously Mac OS X, then OS X) is the current series of developed and marketed by designed to run on Apple's computers ('Macs'). It has been preinstalled on all Macs since 2002.

Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the, after. Launched in 2001 as Mac OS X, the series is the latest in the family of. Mac OS X succeeded, which was introduced in 1984, and the final release of which was in 1999. An initial, early version of the system,, was released in 1999. The first desktop version,, followed in March 2001.

Releases were after from the original release up until. Beginning in 2013 with, releases have been named after in. Apple changed the original name 'Mac OS X' to 'OS X' in 2012 and then to 'macOS' in 2016, adopting the that it uses for their other operating systems,,, and. The latest version of macOS is, which was publicly released in September 2017.

MacOS is based on technologies developed at between 1985 and 1997, when Apple acquired the company. The 'X' in Mac OS X and OS X is the for the number 10 and is pronounced as such. The X was a prominent part of the operating system's, and was used to showcase its compatibility; certification was achieved for the version of and all releases from up to the current version also have UNIX 03 certification. MacOS shares its Unix-based core, named, and many of its with, and. A heavily modified version of was used for the first-generation. Apple also used to have a of Mac OS X designed for.

Beginning with, the server functions were made available as a separate package on the. Releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2005 can run only on the -based Macs from the time period.

Finally I could install Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard on an iMac G5 1. Install on a PPC Mac from an external USB Drive. With nothing on it but the 10.5 ISO.

After Apple from 2006 onwards, a separate version of was made and distributed exclusively with early Intel-based Macs; it included an emulator known as, which allowed users to run most PowerPC applications on Intel-based Macs. Was released as a, meaning the installer disc supported both Intel and PowerPC processors.

In 2009, Apple released, which ran exclusively on Intel-based Macs. In 2011, Apple released, which no longer supported 32-bit Intel processors and also did not include Rosetta. All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on Intel CPUs and do not support PowerPC applications. Part of a series on.

Main article: The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at, a company founded by following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989. The of NeXTSTEP is based upon the, which was originally developed at, with additional kernel layers and low-level code derived from parts of.

Its was built on top of an using the programming language. Throughout the early 1990s, Apple had tried to create a 'next-generation' OS to succeed its through the, and projects, but all of them were eventually abandoned. This led Apple to purchase in 1996, allowing NeXTSTEP, then called, to serve as the basis for Apple's next generation operating system. This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim, and then the permanent CEO, shepherding the transformation of the programmer-friendly OPENSTEP into a system that would be adopted by Apple's primary market of home users and creative professionals.

The project was first code named ' and then officially named Mac OS X. Mac OS X Launch of Mac OS X Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple's operating system for computers; current versions of macOS retain the major version number '10'.

Previous Macintosh operating systems (versions of the ) were named using, as with and. The letter 'X' in Mac OS X's name refers to the number 10, a. It is therefore correctly pronounced 'ten' in this context. However, it is also commonly pronounced like the letter 'X'. The first version of Mac OS X,, was a transitional product, featuring an interface resembling the, though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system.

Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the; many could also be run directly through the with a reduction in performance. Jewelcad 5 12 Crack Commandments. The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with. Reviews were variable, with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy but criticizing it for sluggish performance.

With Apple's popularity at a low, the makers of several classic Mac applications such as and declined to develop new versions of their software for Mac OS X. Columnist John Siracusa, who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10.10, described the early releases in retrospect as 'dog-slow, feature poor' and Aqua as 'unbearably slow and a huge resource hog'.

Following releases Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X. Siracusa's review of version 10.3,, noted 'It's strange to have gone from years of uncertainty and to a steady annual supply of major new operating system releases.' Version 10.4,, reportedly shocked executives at by offering a number of features, such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing, that Microsoft had spent to add to with acceptable performance. As the operating system evolved, it moved away from the, with applications being added and removed.

Considering music to be a key market, Apple developed the music player and music software for the Mac, including and. Targeting the consumer and media markets, Apple emphasized its new 'digital lifestyle' applications such as the suite, integrated home entertainment through the media center and the web browser. With increasing popularity of the internet, Apple offered additional online services, including the.Mac, and most recently products. It later began selling third-party applications through the. Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface, moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions. Some applications began to use a appearance, or non-pinstriped titlebar appearance in version 10.4.

In Leopard, Apple announced a unification of the interface, with a standardized gray-gradient window style. In 2006, the first Macs released used a specialized version of. In 2007, was the first to run on both PowerPC and Intel Macs with the use of. Was the first version of OS X to drop support for Macs. A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the from 2007 onwards. While Apple's previous media players used a operating system, the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X, which would later be called 'iPhone OS' and then.

The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple, which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay. However, after Apple opened the iPhone to third-party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X, with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development. In two succeeding versions, and, Apple moved some applications to a highly style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS, at the same time simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use. This direction was, like brushed metal interfaces, unpopular with some users, although it continued a trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the utility, which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula, and the glossy translucent of and. In addition, with, Apple ceased to release separate versions of Mac OS X, selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through the Mac App Store. A review described the trend in the server products as becoming 'cheaper and simpler. Shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones.'

OS X logo from 2012–2013 In 2012, with the release of, the name of the system was shortened from Mac OS X to OS X. That year, Apple removed the head of OS X development,, and design was changed towards a more minimal direction. Apple's new user interface design, using deep color saturation, text-only buttons and a minimal, 'flat' interface, was debuted with in 2013. With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7, the version released in 2013,, was something of a transitional release, with some of the skeuomorphic design removed, while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged.

The next version,, adopted a design similar to but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse. From 2012 onwards, the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of. It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards, before removing upgrade fees altogether from 2013 onwards. Some journalists and third-party software developers have suggested that this decision, while allowing more rapid feature release, meant less opportunity to focus on stability, with no version of OS X recommendable for users requiring stability and performance above new features. Apple's 2015 update,, was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements.

MacOS In 2016, with the release of, the name was changed from OS X to macOS to streamline it with the branding of Apple's other primary operating systems:,, and. MacOS 10.12 Sierra's main features are the introduction of to macOS, Optimized Storage, improvements to included applications, and greater integration with Apple's and. The (APFS) was announced at the in 2016 as a replacement for, a highly criticized file system.

At the 2017 Worldwide Developers Conference Apple previewed. It uses APFS, rather than HFS+, on. Main article: At macOS's core is a compliant operating system built on top of the, with standard Unix facilities available from the.

Apple has released this family of software as a and operating system named. On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of components, including the interface and the, to complete the -based operating system which is macOS. With its original introduction as Mac OS X, the system brought a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor, the. For example, and improved the system's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other. Many aspects of macOS's architecture are derived from, which was designed to be portable, to ease the transition from one platform to another. For example, was ported from the original -based NeXT workstations to and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple, and OPENSTEP was later ported to the architecture as part of the.

Prior to macOS High Sierra, and on drives other than (SSDs), the default is, which it inherited from the classic Mac OS. Operating system designer has criticized HFS+, saying it is 'probably the worst file system ever', whose design is 'actively corrupting user data'. He criticized the of file names, a design made worse when Apple extended the file system to support. Initially, HFS+ was designed for classic Mac OS, which runs on and systems. When Apple switched Macintosh to little-endian Intel processors, it continued to use big-endian byte order on HFS+ file systems. As a result, macOS on current Macs must do when it reads file system data.

These concerns are being addressed with the new, which is used for file systems on SSDs in macOS High Sierra. The subsystem in macOS is in charge of managing the file system, which includes the Unix layer. In 2003 and 2005, two editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions 'the most common frustration' in macOS, while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to every day, a process which can take up to 15 minutes. More recently, another Macworld editor, Dan Frakes, called the procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused. He argues that macOS typically handles permissions properly without user interference, and resetting permissions should just be tried when problems emerge.

The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design: the layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks. Apple provides its own tools, most prominently an called. Xcode provides interfaces to that support several including,,, and. For the, it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a, which provides compatibility with both the Intel-based and PowerPC-based Macintosh lines. First and third-party applications can be controlled programatically using the framework, retained from the, or using the newer application that offers pre-written tasks that do not require programming knowledge. Software compatibility.

• was a beta release that only functioned from February 16 to December 12, 2012. Afterwards, users could either revert to iChat or upgrade to a newer version of OS X (10.8 'Mountain Lion' for US$19.99, or 10.9 'Mavericks' or newer for free) to continue using Messages. • is the only iLife program that is compatible with Mac OS X 10.2 'Jaguar'. Two minor updates, 1.1 and 1.1.1, can be applied to this version.

• iTunes 2.0.4 can only run if is installed. Otherwise, Mac OS X 10.0 can only run iTunes 1.1.1 natively. Apple offered two main to develop software natively for macOS: and. Cocoa was a descendant of APIs inherited from with no ancestry from the, while Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs, allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten in order to run natively on Mac OS X. The Cocoa API was created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between and. This heritage is highly visible for Cocoa developers, since the 'NS' prefix is ubiquitous in the framework, standing variously for NeXT STEP or NeXT/.

The official OPENSTEP API, published in September 1994, was the first to split the API between Foundation and ApplicationKit and the first to use the 'NS' prefix. Traditionally, Cocoa programs have been mostly written in, with Java as an alternative. However, on July 11, 2005, Apple announced that 'features added to Cocoa in Mac OS X versions later than 10.4 will not be added to the Cocoa-Java programming interface.' MacOS also used to support the as a 'preferred software package'—in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating system as possible while still being compatible, and that graphical user interfaces written in look almost exactly like native Cocoa interfaces. Since 2014, Apple has promoted its new programming language as the preferred language for software development on Apple platforms.

Apple's original plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa APIs. This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers, who threatened to abandon the platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite, and the idea was shelved. To permit a smooth transition from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X, the (API) was created. Applications written with Carbon were initially able to run natively on both classic Mac OS and Mac OS X, although this ability was later dropped as Mac OS X developed. Carbon was not included in the first product sold as Mac OS X: the little-used original release of, which also did not include the Aqua interface. Apple limited further development of Carbon from the release of Leopard onwards, announcing Carbon applications would not receive the ability to run. A number of macOS applications continued to use Carbon for some time afterwards, especially ones with heritage dating back to the classic Mac OS and for which updates would be difficult, uneconomic or not necessary.

This included up to, and Photoshop up to CS5. Early versions of macOS could also run some classic Mac OS applications through the with performance limitations; this feature was removed from 10.5 onwards and all Macs using Intel processors. Because macOS is compliant, many software packages written for the other systems including can be recompiled to run on it, including much scientific and technical software. Third-party projects such as,, and provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages. Apple and others have provided versions of the graphical interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look-and-feel.

The current Apple-endorsed method is the open-source project; earlier versions could use the application provided by Apple, or before that the project. Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method such as downloading (with or without, available via an Apple developer account) or through the, a marketplace of software maintained by Apple by way of a process requiring the company's approval. Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a, restricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating system and its features. This has been cited as an advantage, by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system, but also as a disadvantage due to blocking the Mac App Store's use for professional applications that require elevated privileges. Applications without any code signature cannot be run by default except from a computer's administrator account. Apple produces macOS applications, some of which are included and some sold separately. This includes,,,, and the database application.

Numerous other developers also offer. Hardware compatibility List of macOS versions, the supported systems on which they run, and their RAM requirements Operating system Supported systems RAM requirement – Intel Macs () released in: 2009 (iMac and main line), 2010 (other) or later 2 GB – Intel Macs (64-bit) released in: 2007 (prosumer and iMac), 2008 (other consumer), 2009 (Xserve) or later Intel Macs (64-bit) support dropped from 10.7 and newer. Intel Macs (32-bit or 64-bit) 1 GB G4, G5 and Intel Macs (32-bit or 64-bit) at 867 MHz or faster support dropped from 10.5 and newer. 512 MB Macs with built-in and either a or Intel processor 256 MB Macs with a 128 MB – G3, G4 and G5 and, and (except 'Kanga') Tools such as and patches applied to the installation media have been developed by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by Apple. This includes a number of pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and including Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, all G3-based Macs which can run up to and including Tiger, and sub-867 MHz G4 Macs can run Leopard by removing the restriction from the installation DVD or entering a command in the Mac's interface to tell the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of 867 MHz or greater. Except for features requiring specific hardware such as graphics acceleration or DVD writing, the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware. As most Mac hardware components, or components similar to those, since the Intel transition are available for purchase, some technology-capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non-Apple computers.

These are referred to as, a of the words 'hack' and 'Macintosh'. This violates Apple's (and is therefore unsupported by Apple technical support, warranties etc.), but communities that cater to personal users, who do not install for resale and profit, have generally been ignored by Apple. These self-made computers allow more flexibility and customization of hardware, but at a cost of leaving the user more responsible for their own machine, such as on matter of data integrity or security., a business that attempted to profit from selling macOS on non-Apple certified hardware, was sued by Apple in 2008. PowerPC–Intel transition. Main article: In April 2002, eWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code-named, which ran on processors.

The idea behind Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform should Apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the platform. These rumors subsided until late in May 2005, when various media outlets, such as and, announced that Apple would unveil Marklar in the coming months. On June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at the annual Apple that Apple would be making the transition from PowerPC to processors over the following two years, and that Mac OS X would support both platforms during the transition. Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life. Intel-based Macs would run a new recompiled version of OS X along with, a layer which enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines. The system was included with Mac OS X versions up to version 10.6.8.

Apple dropped support for Classic mode on the new Intel Macs. Third party emulation software such as, and provided support for some early versions of Mac OS. A new version of Xcode and the underlying command-line compilers supported building that would run on either architecture. PowerPC-only software is supported with Apple's official emulation software,, though applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel processors. Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both PowerPC and Intel.

There is a performance penalty when PowerPC binaries run on Intel Macs through Rosetta. Moreover, some PowerPC software, such as kernel extensions and System Preferences plugins, are not supported on Intel Macs at all. Some PowerPC applications would not run on macOS at all. Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for the same platform as Safari, so when Safari is running on Intel, it requires plug-ins that have been compiled as Intel-only or universal binaries, so PowerPC-only plug-ins will not work. While Intel Macs are able to run PowerPC, Intel, and universal binaries; PowerPC Macs support only universal and PowerPC builds.

Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition. In 2009, Apple announced at its that Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard would drop support for PowerPC processors and be Intel-only.

Rosetta continued to be offered as an optional download or installation choice in Snow Leopard before it was discontinued with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion. In addition, new versions of Mac OS X first- and third-party software increasingly required Intel processors, including new versions of iLife, iWork, Aperture and Logic Pro. Features Aqua user interface. The original user interface as seen in the from 2000 One of the major differences between the and the current macOS was the addition of, a graphical user interface with water-like elements, in the first major release of Mac OS X. Every window element, text, graphic, or is drawn on-screen using technology., a technology introduced many years before, was improved and built into the core drawing engine, to provide color matching for and professionals. Also, were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth.

New interface elements were integrated, including sheets ( attached to specific windows) and drawers, which would slide out and provide options. The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes, similar to the hardware design of the first, brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what and 's ' appearance had offered. According to Siracusa, the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look 'hit like a ton of bricks.' (who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group) said that the Aqua interface in represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS interface.

Third-party developers started producing for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance. To some extent, Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage, at various times threatening against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its design. Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design, particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar. Since 2012, Apple has sold many of its Mac models with high-resolution, and macOS and its have extensive support for resolution-independent development on supporting high-resolution displays. Reviewers have described Apple's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows. The published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications, giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts.

In addition, new services for applications are included, which include spelling and grammar checkers, special characters palette, color picker, font chooser and dictionary; these global features are present in every Cocoa application, adding consistency. The graphics system composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware-accelerated drawing. This technology, introduced in version 10.2, is called, a component of. Quartz's internal imaging model correlates well with the (PDF) imaging model, making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices. As a side result, PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built-in features. Reflecting its popularity with design users, macOS also has system support for a variety of professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library, featuring many prominent brand-name designs. Box/Mac App Store artwork for every version of macOS.

Left to right: / (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12) (13). Of versions (not including 2016's macOS Sierra and 2017's High Sierra) The had special Jaguar builds. Tiger did not support 64-bit GUI applications, only 64-bit CLI applications. 32-bit PowerPC applications were supported on Intel processors with. With the exception of and the original public beta, OS X versions were named after until, when Apple switched to using locations. Prior to its release, was 'Cheetah' internally at Apple, and was code named internally as 'Puma'. After the immense buzz surrounding, codenamed 'Jaguar', Apple's product marketing began openly using the code names to promote the operating system.

Was marketed as 'Panther', as 'Tiger', as 'Leopard', as 'Snow Leopard', as 'Lion', as 'Mountain Lion', and as 'Mavericks'. 'Panther', 'Tiger' and 'Leopard' are registered as trademarks of Apple, but 'Cheetah', 'Puma' and 'Jaguar' have never been registered. Apple has also registered 'Lynx' and 'Cougar' as trademarks, though these were allowed to lapse. Computer retailer sued Apple for its use of the name 'Tiger'.

On May 16, 2005 a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple's use did not infringe on Tiger Direct's trademark. Mac OS X Public Beta. Screenshot of OS X 10.0 On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 (internally codenamed Cheetah). The initial version was slow, incomplete, and had very few applications available at the time of its launch, mostly from independent developers. While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve. Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment, for attempts to completely overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and delayed by countless setbacks. Following some bug fixes, became much less frequent.

[ ] Mac OS X 10.1 Puma. Main article: Later that year on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X 10.1 (internally codenamed Puma) was released. It featured increased performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Foxconn N15235 Driver Lan Free Download. Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users, in addition to the US$129 boxed version for people running.

It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems. On January 7, 2002, Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month. Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar. Main article: On August 23, 2002, Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, the first release to use its code name as part of the branding. It brought great raw performance improvements, a sleeker look, and many powerful user-interface enhancements (over 150, according to Apple ), including for compositing graphics directly on an or MX AGP-based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM, a system-wide repository for contact information in the new, and an instant messaging client named.

The which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X v10.2. Mac OS X 10.3 Panther. Main article: Panther was released on October 24, 2003. In addition to providing much improved performance, it also incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface. Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before, including an updated Finder, incorporating a brushed-metal interface,, (Window manager),,, iChat AV (which added features to iChat), improved (PDF) rendering and much greater interoperability. Support for some early G3 computers such as 'beige' Power Macs and 'WallStreet' PowerBooks was discontinued. Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger.

Screenshot of Tiger Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features. As with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with 256 MB and a built-in port.

Among the new features, Tiger introduced,,, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, 7, 2,,, and. The initial release of the used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services. On January 10, 2006, Apple released the first Intel-based Macs along with the 10.4.4 update to Tiger. This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the Intel release dropping support for the Classic environment. Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard.

Main article: Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. It was called by Apple 'the largest update of Mac OS X'.

It brought more than 300 new features. Leopard supports both - and -based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of to be installed.

The single DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64-bit machines). New features include a new look, an updated Finder,,, pre-installed, full support for applications (including graphical applications), new features in and, and a number of new security features. Leopard is an registered product on the Intel platform. It was also the first OS to receive UNIX 03 certification. Leopard dropped support for the and all Classic applications.

It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture. Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard. Main article: Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009. Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X, Snow Leopard focused on 'under the hood' changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating system. For most users, the most noticeable changes were: the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more responsive rewritten in, faster backups, more reliable and user friendly disk ejects, a more powerful version of the Preview application, as well as a faster web browser. Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs, required at least 1 GB of, and dropped default support for applications built for the architecture ( could be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC-only applications). Snow Leopard also featured new technology capable of supporting greater amounts of, improved support for multi-core processors through, and advanced GPU performance with.

An update introduced support for the, Apple's digital distribution platform for macOS applications. Main article: OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012. Following the release of Lion the previous year, it was the first of the annual rather than two-yearly updates to OS X (and later macOS), which also closely alined with the annual iOS operating system updates.

It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include, support for in the new messaging application, and Reminders as a to-do list app separate from (which is renamed as Calendar, like the iOS app). It also includes support for storing documents in., which makes its debut in Mountain Lion, is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher. Application pop-ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for as an option for search engine,, and 126.com services for, and,, and are integrated into share sheets. Starting with Mountain Lion, Apple software updates (including the OS) are distributed via the.

This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility. Main article: OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16, 2014. It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of, intended to feature a more minimal, text-based 'flat' design, with use of translucency effects and intensely. Apple's showcase new feature in Yosemite is Handoff, which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8.1 or later to answer phone calls, receive and send SMS messages, and complete unfinished iPhone emails on their Mac. As of OS X 10.10.3, replaced and. OS X 10.11 El Capitan.

Screenshot of El Capitan OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30, 2015. Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard, Apple described this release as containing 'refinements to the Mac experience' and 'improvements to system performance' rather than new features. Refinements include public transport built into the application, GUI improvements to the application, adopting as the system font for clearer legibility, and the introduction of. The, first introduced in, was also included in this operating system for 'all Macs since 2012'. MacOS 10.12 Sierra. See also: As of July 2016, macOS is the second-most-active general-purpose desktop client operating system in use on the following, with a 4.90% usage share according to statistics compiled by the.

It is the second most widely-used desktop operating system (for web browsing), after Windows, and is estimated at approximately five times the usage of (which has 1.01%). Usage share generally continues to shift away from the desktop and toward mobile operating systems such as and. Malware and spyware In its earlier years, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of and that have affected users. MacOS has a smaller usage share compared to Windows, but it also has traditionally more secure roots., as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware. Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks. In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks, and malware such as, MacProtector, and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users.

At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions were able to install without user input. Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem.

An estimated 100,000 users were affected. Apple releases security updates for macOS on a regular basis. Promotion As a devices company, most large-scale Apple promotion for macOS has been part of the sale of Macs, with promotion of macOS updates generally focused on existing users, promotion at and other retail partners, or through events for developers. In larger scale advertising campaigns, Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home-user applications, and Mac OS X (especially versions Tiger and Leopard) with the heavy criticism received for the long-awaited operating system.

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I have been researching the answer to this, but the ones claiming to have answered the question are not relevant or are not correct. Some answers actually state to upgrade to 10.6, which is impossible on the Powerbook G4. The Powerbook G4 has been upgraded to OS 10.5.8.

Safari will NOT play anything requiring Adobe Flash Player. A download of Flash Player 10.1.102.64 results in 'installation failed' at 49 per cent. A search for other browsers results in false responses and invitations to download other browsers on untrustworthy sites. Finding another browser has been fruitless. Visiting the other browsers' sites only provides the ability to download the latest versions.

Searching for archived downloads gives results that are not acceptable, such as downloading older versions from sites I simply do not trust. A search of this site provided results that were not relevant to the Powerbook G4.

It took me a long time to purchase a Mac because they are so expensive. Had I known that I would not be able to use it for anything other than a paperweight or doorstop, I would have never purchased it. The Processor is a PowerPC 1.25 GHz G5. The memory is 1GB DDR SDRAM. I realize it is an older Powerbook, but my Windows-based Dell Inspiron 600M is older and still can play videos and games requiring Adobe Flash Player, even with Windows XP installed. If there is a way to make Adobe Flash Player work on the Powerbook G4 OS 10.5.8 Leopard, please let me know.

(I am certain I am not the only one searching for help on this topic.) As an aside, the topic list below is too generic. There should be one 'using OS 10.5 Leopard on a laptop' or 'Powerbook'. PowerBook, Mac OS X (10.5.8), G4 Posted on Aug 25, 2014 6:06 AM. You can check here: to see which version you should install for your Mac and OS.

Note that version 10,1,102,64 is the last version available to PPC Mac users*. The latest version,10.3.183.23 or later, is for Intel Macs only running Tiger or Leopard, as Adobe no longer support the PPC platform. (If you are running a PPC Mac with Flash Player 10.1.102.64 and are having problems with watching videos on FaceBook or other sites, try the following solution which fools the site into thinking that you are running the version 11.5.502.55:) Download this to your desktop, unzip it, and replace the current Flash Player plug-in which is in your main/Library/Internet Plug-Ins folder, (not the user Library). Save the old one just in case this one doesn't work.

You should also take a look at TenFourFox: You can download TenFourFoxG5 from here: Now for the interesting bit: TenFourFox, like Firefox, does not support most plug-ins. Unless you are prone to headaches (in which case don't) you can read about that here: But there is a workaround!

Open TenFourFox and type in the address bar: about:config (no spaces) and click return. This gives you a warning that it might harm the application. Ignore that and click on 'I'll be careful, I promise' and you get the config file that you can edit - with great care. Look/search (scroll down) for: tenfourfox.plugins.enabled Set it to true. (Double click it to toggle it) Now close TenFourFox, open it again, and Flash will now work, as it now uses the plug-ins that Safari has stored. I am using Flash 11.5.502.55 in TenFourFox on a G5 iMac running Leopard and it works just fine.

Aug 25, 2014 6:52 AM. I think TFF vers. 24 & up do not allow Flash at all. TenFourFox is the most up to date browser for our PPCs, they even have G4 & G5 optimized versions. I'd avoid version 24 though, as it no longer supports plug-ins like Flash. SeaMonkey seems pretty fast also, with many options. The last version with Mac OS 10.4 and PPC support was SeaMonkey 2.0.14.

The last version seamonkey-for-ppc - 2.26 RELEASE - Mac OS X 10.5.x - PPC. PROJECT SITE: register for updates at the SourceForge seamonkey-for-ppc project page Might also look into iCab & OmniWeb versions.

Sep 3, 2014 12:15 PM. I heard back from TenFourFox, it has stopped allowing any use of Flash Player or 'plug ins' regardless of how many complaints it receives. I just want to be able to use this extremely expensive machine for more than a paperweight.

The only reason I wanted it was to own a Mac and play games in browsers. It serves no other purpose.

I have a desktop for email and such. It should be up to the individual whether or not to use what the developers consider unsafe. It's like Yahoo and Microsoft over-protecting email accounts for no other purpose than to glean extraneous, unneeded information from users. Sep 4, 2014 3:07 AM. Apple Footer This site contains user submitted content, comments and opinions and is for informational purposes only. Apple may provide or recommend responses as a possible solution based on the information provided; every potential issue may involve several factors not detailed in the conversations captured in an electronic forum and Apple can therefore provide no guarantee as to the efficacy of any proposed solutions on the community forums. Apple disclaims any and all liability for the acts, omissions and conduct of any third parties in connection with or related to your use of the site.

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